International Journal of Nutrology

Major evidence of nutritional and metabolic management in the context of bariatric surgery: a systematic review

2024-09-18T01:45:35+00:00

Introduction: Approximately $315 billion is spent annually on the medical cost of obesity in adult patients in the United States alone. According to the American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS), the rate of bariatric surgery (BS) increased from 158,000 in 2011 to 196,000 in 2015. This increase in invasive techniques does not eliminate unhealthy habits, therefore, lifestyle modifications, such as healthy eating and correct physical activity programs, can improve surgical results. Objective: To establish the main nutritional and metabolic management strategies in the context of bariatric surgery, to modulate and reduce the problems caused by nutrient deficit. Methods: The systematic review rules of the PRISMA Platform were followed. The search was conducted from May to June 2024 in the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 135 articles were found. 42 articles were fully evaluated and 18 were included and developed in the present systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 22 studies with a high risk of bias and 24 that did not meet GRADE and AMSTAR-2. Most studies presented homogeneity in their results, with X²=79.7%>50%. It was concluded that the recommendations were gathered to assist in individualized clinical practice in the nutritional management of patients with obesity. In general, patients with obesity have significantly lower concentrations of serum iron, folic acid, vitamins A, B6, B12, C, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and lipid-standardized vitamin E. Before bariatric surgery, nutritional status should be analyzed and preoperative weight loss can be attempted. Very low-calorie diets and very low-calorie ketogenic diets are prescribed in the last months before surgery. It was noted that the recommendations were gathered to assist in individualized clinical practice in the nutritional management of patients with obesity, including nutritional management. Iron status may be affected by adipose tissue inflammation and increased expression of the systemic iron regulatory protein hepcidin. The postoperative recommendation for vitamin B12 (cobalamin) should be 350-500 micrograms/1000 micrograms monthly, and for folate (folic acid) in the postoperative period should be 1000 micrograms per day.

MDPL syndrome (mandibular hypoplasia, deafness, progeroid features, and lipodystrophy) and nutrological management: a rare case report

2024-09-18T01:41:38+00:00

Introduction: Congenital lipodystrophies comprise a rare group of heterogeneous disorders that affect adipose tissue distributions and are characterized by varying degrees of body fat loss. Genetic damage, telomere shortening, cellular senescence, and proliferation defects are hallmarks of the aging process. Metabolism and mitochondrial activity play an important role in the pathogenesis of MDPL syndrome (mandibular hypoplasia, deafness, progeroid features, and lipodystrophy). Objective: It was to report the case and diagnosis of a patient with MDPL syndrome and the nutrological management. Case report: The information was obtained during the patient's medical consultation with the author, interview with the patient and family, photographic record, and literature review. This study followed ethics committee compliance and preserved the patient's anonymity, as well as the patient's rights and care, as per the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. The total fat percentage of 32% (54th percentile), a very low relative musculoskeletal index of 2.56 kg/m², and also a low fat mass index of 3.89 g/m². Laboratory tests showed a low leptin of 1.90 ng/mL, basal insulin of 166.3 μUI/mL, HOMA IR of 38.2, and triglycerides of 205 mg/dL. Analysis of DNA extracted by oral SWAB was positive for alteration in the POLD1 gene, confirming the diagnosis of MDPL. After initiating treatment with a diet adjusted in proteins, calories, index, and glycemic load, metformin, the patient presented new exams with HOMA-IR 8.3, evolving with a gain of 2.5 kilos, now with 33.1 kilograms of weight, reporting improvement. Final considerations: The reported case and raised publications bring to light the discussion of the diagnosis and treatment of a complex syndrome such as MDPL. The absence of a cure, the difficulty in diagnosis, and the unavailability of some of the therapeutic resources make the syndrome of mandibular hypoplasia, deafness, progeroid characteristics, and lipodystrophy an extremely rare syndrome, difficult to diagnose, and difficult to manage. Progress in identifying lipodystrophy genes will help to better understand the role of pathways involved in the complex physiology of fat. Studies have shown mitochondrial dysfunction as well as morphological alterations in mitochondria in patients with MDPL.

Major clinical outcomes of nutrology and lifestyle in the metabolic processes of healthy aging: a systematic review

2024-09-16T16:10:16+00:00

Introduction: Centenarians exemplify the concept of healthy aging and therefore provide an invaluable resource for identifying novel host-intestinal microbiota relationships concerning aging. Approximately 18 micronutrients, composed of minerals and vitamins, facilitate the optimal utilization of macronutrients through their role in catalyzing numerous biochemical processes, increasing their bioavailability and absorption, and balancing the microbiome. In the context of aging, a major challenge to maintaining health in old age is unbalanced nutritional intake, resulting in nutritional deficiency or malnutrition. Objective: The main clinical outcomes of nutrology and lifestyle in the metabolic processes of healthy aging were listed through a systematic review. Methods: The systematic review rules of the PRISMA Platform were followed. The search was carried out from July to August 2024 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 118 articles were found. A total of 39 articles were fully evaluated and 29 were included and developed in the present systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 21 studies with a high risk of bias and 15 that did not meet the GRADE and AMSTAR-2 criteria. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X²=82.7%>50%. Zinc and copper govern many functions that characterize the so-called “oxy-aging”. Selenium (Se) is a fundamental cofactor in many redox functions, the role of vitamin C in aging has been investigated particularly for skin health and immunity, particularly in inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Retinoids, which represent a synthetic form of vitamin A, appear effective in preventing skin degeneration due to aging. The role of vitamin E in the prevention and reduction of ROS-induced lesions has been well described. Supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10 influenced the analyzed biomarkers in a way that indicated an anti-aging effect. It was concluded that an adequate plasma level of trace elements, such as Zn or copper (Cu), promotes an optimal function of the immune response. Selenium (Se) is a key cofactor in many redox functions, which reduces ROS-induced degeneration in the senescent phenotype. The role of vitamin C in aging has been investigated particularly for skin health and immunity, particularly in inflammatory and degenerative diseases. Vitamin A acts in the prevention of skin degeneration due to aging. The role of vitamin E in the prevention and reduction of ROS-induced lesions has been well described, as well as it has been associated with the prevention of cognitive decline during senescence, particularly in Alzheimer's disease. Good fats, vitamins, minerals, or polyphenols can have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, with anti-aging effects. Recent studies have shown that vitamin K is a vital cofactor in the activation of several proteins, which act against age-related syndromes.

Major considerations on the relationship of triple negative breast cancer with microRNAs and nutrological triggers: a systematic review

2024-09-14T01:56:46+00:00

Introduction: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for 15% of all cases. Its incidence is usually higher in young women (under 40 years of age). The classification as triple-negative occurs because, in this case, there are no estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors, which are responsible for controlling tumor growth. Higher levels of physical activity and better diet quality are associated with lower mortality from breast cancer in observational studies. Furthermore, physical activity and optimal nutrition can improve the relative dose intensity of chemotherapy, as they can activate miRNAs that regulate several biological processes. Objective: This was to conduct a systematic review to establish the main considerations of the relationship between triple-negative breast cancer and microRNAs as biomarkers and regulators of gene expression in cancer cells, as well as to show some nutritional triggers of microRNA activation desirable for breast cancer control. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The search was conducted from April to June 2024 in the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE and AMSTAR-2 instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed appropriately. According to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: 112 articles were found, and 40 were evaluated in full and included in this article, 22 of which were included in the systematic review. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the global assessment resulted in 15 studies with a high risk of bias and 25 studies that did not reach GRADE and AMSTAR-2. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X²=81.5%>50%. It was concluded that an increasing number of studies have shown that non-coding RNA (ncRNA), including microRNA (miRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), play a significant role in tumorigenesis. Although a diet and exercise intervention did not affect relative dose intensity, the intervention was associated with a higher pCR in patients with hormone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative and triple-negative breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. High expression levels of miR-27a/b, miR-210, and miR-454 were associated with shorter overall survival, whereas high expression levels of miR-454 and miR-374a/b were associated with disease-free survival. The miRNAs associated with triple-negative breast cancer may provide new avenues for early diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Furthermore, specific miRNAs may serve as potential prognostic biomarkers in triple-negative breast cancer.

Major types of diets in the management of metabolic syndrome and obesity: a systematic review

2024-09-11T11:19:52+00:00

Introduction: Excessive weight gain generates comorbidities, many of which are characterized as metabolic syndrome (MS), in which the individual, to be diagnosed, must present three or more metabolic or anthropometric changes such as increased waist circumference, systemic arterial hypertension, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and reduced serum HDL levels. It is important to highlight the association of MS with cardiovascular diseases, increasing global mortality by approximately 1.5 times and cardiovascular mortality by approximately 2.5 times. In this sense, of the different types of diets such as the low-carb diet, very low-carb diet, and intermittent fasting diet, the traditional Brazilian diet, the DASH, and the Mediterranean diet stand out, as they present as the main therapeutic proposal in the treatment of MS. Objective: It was to carry out a systematic review to present the main types of diets in the management of metabolic syndrome, evaluating their effectiveness as a nutritional benefit in controlling health and quality of life. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The search was carried out from April to June 2024 in the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE and AMSTAR-2 instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed appropriately. according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: 111 articles were found, and 30 were evaluated in full and included in this article, 21 of which were included in the systematic review. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the global assessment resulted in 12 studies with a high risk of bias and 21 studies that did not reach GRADE and AMSTAR-2. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X²=79.8%>50%. It was concluded that the traditional Brazilian diet, DASH, and the Mediterranean diet have in common the characteristics of plant-based diet varieties that incorporate natural foods and reduce ultra-processed foods. These diets have shown good results for human health through the prevention and treatment of obesity in its different life cycles, and there is also evidence of a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer in individuals with obesity. Furthermore, these diets promote a decrease in low-grade inflammation that affects individuals with obesity, having beneficial effects in reducing metabolic syndrome, even more so when added to physical activities. It has been shown that dietary factors can play a fundamental role both in the individual components and in the prevention and control of metabolic syndrome. Recent data associate the presence of metabolic syndrome with lower consumption of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables.

Major relationships among nutrology, gut microbiota and lifestyle change in healthy longevity: a systematic review

2024-08-29T14:20:20+00:00

Introduction: In the healthy longevity scenario, individuals over 65 and over 80 years old will be the fastest growing segment of the population. This is associated with the intensification of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, sarcopenia, and degenerative diseases (non-communicable diseases). Genetic, epigenetic, and lifestyle factors can determine the longevity of humans. Certain healthy foods are associated with longer telomere lengths. Objective: To describe, through a systematic literature review, the main relationships between nutrology, gut microbiota, and lifestyle changes in healthy longevity. Methods: The systematic review rules of the PRISMA Platform were followed. The search was carried out from May to July 2024 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: 139 articles were found. A total of 51 articles were fully assessed and 22 were included in this systematic review. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 20 studies with a high risk of bias and 32 studies that did not meet GRADE and AMSTAR-2. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X² =77.5%>50%. It was concluded that nutrients that can modulate epigenetic pathways, positively influence the outcomes associated with healthy longevity. Studies have shown that the gut microbiota in longlived individuals has a high capacity for lipid metabolism, amino acid degradation, and potential signs of a chronic inflammatory state. Probiotics and prebiotics may be effective alternatives, considering the relationship between the microbiome and healthy aging. Furthermore, resveratrol can modulate epigenetic pathways and may affect outcomes associated with aging, exerting favorable metabolic changes, such as reductions in inflammatory markers or low-density lipoprotein. Nutrients and natural substances of human physiology and biochemistry such as melatonin, coenzyme Q10, and selenium control the functions of the immune and metabolic systems. Many metabolic or chronic diseases have been implicated in poor diet and lifestyle. Improving the quality of diet is associated with reduced mortality from all causes, whereas multivitamin and multimineral supplements can improve life expectancy

The role of gut microbiota in the obesity: a literature review

2024-08-16T02:10:11+00:00

Introduction: Obesity is a multifactorial and polygenic condition that, according to the World Obesity Federation, will affect over 1 billion people by 2030. In this regard, research is being conducted regarding gut microbiota influence on the pathogenesis of this disease, such as inflammation and insulin resistance. Therefore, understanding the gut microbiota and the mechanism by which its modulation through diet and/or the use of probiotics can impact the host and contribute to the treatment of obesity is essential. Methods: A systematic review was conducted on the PubMed, Scielo, and ScienceDirect databases, following the PRISMA protocol, from January 2018 to September 2022. Results and Conclusion: 415 articles were found. 36 studies were evaluated, and 20 were included in this review. The use of calorierestricting diets, along with the consumption of grains and cereals, was found to be useful in reducing strains that promote inflammation and insulin resistance, factors that are associated with obesity pathogenesis, leading to weight reduction. Other studies examined probiotics use, which led to lipopolysaccharides and insulin resistance reduction, as well as a decrease in the quantity of pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, combining diets with probiotic therapies may be a strategy for microbiota modulation, aiming to reduce inflammatory markers and insulin resistance.

Off-label pharmacotherapy of obesity: a systematic review

2024-08-13T20:27:12+00:00

Introduction: In the context of obesity pharmacotherapy, some anti-obesity medications (monoamine oxidase inhibitors - MAOIs) have been approved by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA). MAOIs is indicated in combination with lifestyle changes to control overweight and obesity. Some drugs used off-label are accumulating evidence for weight management. Objective: It was to carry out a systematic review to present the off-label pharmacotherapy of obesity through the outcomes of clinical studies. Methods: The present study followed a concise systematic review model (PRISMA). The literary search process was carried out from May to July 2023 and developed based on Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar, using scientific articles from 2002 to 2023. The low quality of evidence was attributed to case reports, editorials, and brief communications, according to the GRADE instrument. The risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument using the Funnel Plot chart. Results and Conclusion: It was found 132 studies that were submitted to the eligibility analysis and, then, 16 of the 48 total studies were selected. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X² =95.1% >50%. The Funnel Plot graph showed a symmetrical behavior, not suggesting a significant risk of bias in the studies. Some drugs used off-label are accumulating evidence for weight management. As an example, tirzepatide is a new drug approved by the FDA in May 2022 for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and can be used off-label for the treatment of obesity. In 2013, the first published study showed that metformin up to a dose of 2500 mg per day is an effective medication to reduce weight. AMPK2 is one of the possible targets of metformin for the treatment of obesity. Although metformin treatment in participants receiving a placebo appears to result in an initial decrease in BMI and HOMA-IR, there is no evidence of a sustained effect after prolonged use in adolescents. Low-certainty evidence suggests that off-label fluoxetine may decrease weight compared with placebo. Sustained-release bupropion was more effective than placebo in weight loss when combined with a 500 kcal deficit diet. Treatment with pramlinitide (up to 240 mg three times daily) for 16 weeks resulted in a placebo-corrected reduction in body weight of 3.7%, and 31% of subjects treated with pramlinitide achieved ≥5% weight loss vs. 2% with placebo. Oral melatonin replacement increases the volume and activity of brown adipose tissue, promoting thermogenesis and adipose tissue metabolism with consequent weight loss.

Major considerations of nutrological therapy in cancer patients: a systematic review

2024-08-13T20:22:47+00:00

Introduction: Oncological malnutrition is a highly prevalent comorbidity in cancer, limiting patients' quality of life. International and national clinical guidelines recommend supportive nutrition and exercise therapy for cancer patients. Objective: It was to present the main approaches to nutritional therapy in cancer patients. Methods: The present study followed a concise systematic review model (PRISMA). The literary search process was carried out from August to October 2023 and developed based on Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar, using scientific articles from 2002 to 2023. The low quality of the evidence was attributed to case reports, editorials, and brief communications, according to the GRADE instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 81 studies were found that were subjected to eligibility analysis and, subsequently, 16 of the 22 final studies were selected. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X² =78.4% >50%. Current dietary guidelines for cancer patients fail to address adequate dietary intake of macro- and micronutrients that can improve patients' nutritional status. Clinical studies and meta-analyses have shown that there is an important impact of a personalized and specific diet on patients during and after anti-neoplastic treatment. Most studies indicate that cancer patients should receive a nutritional assessment immediately after diagnosis. You need to maintain a healthy body weight, with a body mass index of 20–24.9, preserving your lean mass and avoiding an increase in fat mass. Therefore, after diagnosing nutritional status, a conservative energy restriction of 500-1,000 kcal/day should be considered. Nutritional therapy should be based on the patient's nutritional status, eating habits, schedule, activities, and cultural preferences. Therefore, adequate dietary consumption of dietary macro and micronutrients rich in β-carotene and vitamins A, E, and C can prevent the deterioration of nutritional status, also improving the quality of life of cancer patients.

Nutrology and molecular state of art in muscle recovery and sports performance: a systematic review

2024-08-07T21:22:10+00:00

Introduction: Nutrition makes it possible to recover from the negative impact of an injury induced by physical exercise. Recent progress has been made regarding gut microbiota, regenerative nutrition, and skeletal muscle metabolism. MicroRNAs (miRs) have emerged as critical regulators of numerous biological processes, modulating gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Objective: It was to carry out a systematic review to elucidate the main considerations of nutrology and molecular state of art through exosomes, microRNAs, and nutrients in muscle recovery and sports performance. Methods: The systematic review rules of the PRISMA Platform were followed. The research was carried out from April to June 2023 in Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 237 articles were found. A total of 107 articles were evaluated in full and 52 were included and developed in this systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 47 studies with a high risk of bias and 70 studies that did not meet GRADE. Based on the findings, it was concluded that dietary manipulations and metabolites may affect tissue stem cell fate decisions. Self-renewal and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells can be regulated by manipulating vitamin C, A, or D levels and valine restriction. miRs play an important role as regulatory molecules during the muscle healing process. Myoblasts are known to secrete exosomes enriched with miRs into the inflammatory environment, whereby miR-224 is transferred to macrophages to inhibit M2 polarization. Additional data demonstrate that WNT-9a may be a direct target of miR224 for macrophage polarization. The results showed that miR-122 and myogenic markers were down-regulated in C2C12 cells after TGF-β stimulation, and overexpression of miR-122 can restore myogenesis inhibited by TGF-β. Evidence suggests that the exosome derived from mesenchymal stem cells exhibits functions similar to mesenchymal stem cells with low immunogenicity and without tumorization. High rates of intestinal self-renewal are enabled by intestinal stem cells (LGR5+) at the base of intestinal crypts. LGR5+ activity, including proliferation and differentiation rates, is affected by large shifts in nutrient availability, as occurs on a high-fat diet or fasting. The practice of physical activity, endogenous metabolites, and dietary nutrients can directly influence epigenetic enzymes.

Precise nutrition in the metabolic and nutritional management of bariatric surgery: a systematic review

2024-08-02T14:53:09+00:00

Introduction: Obesity is a chronic relapsing disease characterized by abnormal or excessive adiposity with health risks. Any nutritional intervention in patients who are candidates for or have already undergone bariatric surgery must be based on a detailed nutritional assessment, including an assessment of personal values, preferences, and social determinants of eating habits. Objective: It was to carry out a systematic review to explore and present nutritional importance before, during, and after bariatric surgery. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The research was carried out from September to October 2023 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: 122 articles were found. A total of 43 articles were evaluated in full and 34 were included and developed in the present systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 22 studies with a high risk of bias and 26 studies that did not meet GRADE and AMSTAR-2. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X²=64.5%>50%. It was concluded that enteral nutrition strategies could represent a possible alternative to other methodologies, especially when it is recommended to improve patient adherence to the diet prescribed before bariatric surgery. Weight loss induced by the ketogenic diet before bariatric surgery has beneficial effects in reducing liver volume, metabolic profile, and intra- and postoperative complications. Knowledge of the type of bariatric surgery performed and an understanding of its anatomy and physiology help provide optimal care to patients, especially nutritional complications. Nutritional deficiencies and metabolic disorders result from “malabsorption” procedures, such as RYGB. It is essential to immediately administer thiamine. Dextrose should be avoided in intravenous hydration until thiamine is adequately replaced. For all bariatric patients, a protein intake of 60-70 g/d and multivitamin with iron and vitamin B12 supplementation is recommended. Daily calcium and vitamin D supplementation is also encouraged. Additionally, serum micronutrient levels should be monitored regularly and additional supplemental measures prescribed as indicated.

Main considerations of off-label drugs in patients with excessive adipose tissue and obesity: a systematic review

2024-08-02T12:26:31+00:00

Introduction: The rise of the obesity pandemic has been underestimated since most assessments do not include perhaps up to 2.7 billion patients with excessive stores of adipose tissue and calories. A variety of classes of anti-obesity drugs approved for other indications have been used off-label in attempts to promote weight loss. Objective: It was to discuss the main off-label drugs for treating excess fatty tissue and obesity through clinical studies and consensus among world societies. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The research was carried out from September to October 2023 in the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 115 articles were found, 30 articles were evaluated in full, and 22 were included and developed in the present systematic review study, out of a total of 24 (2 references are on the website and were not included) Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall evaluation resulted in 18 studies with high risk of bias and 27 studies that did not meet GRADE and AMSTAR-2. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X²=58.6%>50%. It was concluded that the current paradigm for the diagnosis and treatment of obesity is for those with high BMI, however, the paradigm is flawed for patients with lower BMI in the early stages of abnormal adipose tissue accumulation, who are often ignored and left without treatment. This promotes the continuation of obesity worldwide, allowing early-stage patients to accumulate increasingly greater amounts of adipose tissue. Thus, the use of off-label antiobesity drugs has accumulated scientific evidence for a safe and effective treatment. However, it is still necessary to promote more observational studies and medical reports to corroborate the findings so far present in randomized studies.

Major clinical and metabomic approaches to childhood obesity: a systematic review

2024-07-17T11:44:21+00:00

Introduction: In the context of childhood obesity, of children under 5 years of age in Brazil, 7% are overweight and 3% meet the criteria for obesity. Globally, according to a report from the World Health Organization (WHO), it is estimated that the total number of overweight and obese children in the world could reach 75 million by the year 2025. Objective: It was to carry out a systematic review to present the main approaches to clinical and metabolomics of childhood obesity. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The research was carried out from February to April 2024 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: 110 articles were recruited for the initial evaluation. A total of 41 articles were evaluated and 19 were included in this systematic review. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 28 studies with a high risk of bias and 28 studies that did not meet GRADE. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X²=58.7%>50%. It was concluded that miRNAs are potential biomarkers for the development of pathologies, such as obesity. A heterogeneous group of these molecules was found to be associated with obesity in children. miR-15b-5p, miR-486-5p and hsa-miR-122-5p were considered good candidates for childhood obesity biomarkers. MiRNA-dependent mechanisms regulate up to 60% of all human genes. MiRNAs influence multiple pathways, including insulin signaling, immune-mediated inflammation, adipokine expression, adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, and regulation of food intake.

Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease: systematic literature review

2024-07-10T01:02:30+00:00

Introduction: It is estimated that worldwide, 65.7 million people will live with the disease in 2030, with Alzheimer's disease being the most prevalent in the world, accounting for 60% of dementia cases. The hypothesis was then raised that through the neuroprotective effect of insulin and insulin resistance in the genesis of Metabolic Syndrome, the hypothetical relationship is made that metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Objective: The literature that verifies the impact of vitamin D deficiency on the quality of life of individuals undergoing bariatric surgery was reviewed. Methods: The search strategy was carried out in the virtual databases PubMed, Scielo, LILACS, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, in addition to gray literature such as Google Scholar, OpenGrey, Ibict/BDTD (Brazilian digital library of theses and dissertations) and ProQuest using the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) descriptors with the Boolean logical operators AND, OR and NOT. The studies considered eligible were those that presented metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease. Results: The online search found 216 studies in virtual bibliographic databases and 70 in gray literature. After removing duplicates, 282 articles remained and were read the title and abstract, with 25 articles chosen for full-text reading, leaving 13 that met the inclusion criteria. Most of the studies included corroborated the hypothesis that metabolic syndrome is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. Even the two studies that provide some results in which BMI showed a slower decline in cognitive function, stated that the phenotype studied was that of metabolically healthy obese individuals. Conclusion: The results of this study confirmed the idea that there is an interaction between metabolic health and brain health. First, chronic inflammation and oxidative stress associated with metabolic syndrome can cause damage to blood vessels, compromising cerebral blood flow and impairing the supply of essential nutrients to the brain. Additionally, insulin resistance, one of the key components of metabolic syndrome, can hurt brain function by interfering with the absorption of glucose, a vital fuel for the brain. Finally, how changes in blood lipid levels can contribute to the accumulation of beta-amyloid protein plaques in the brain, one of the markers of Alzheimer's disease.

Major considerations of the nutrients, probiotics and gut microbiota in the treatment of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis: a concise systematic review

2024-07-08T02:28:27+00:00

Introduction: Skin conditions contributed 1.79% to the global burden of 306 diseases and injuries in recent years. Individual skin diseases varied in size, from 0.38% of the total burden for atopic dermatitis (AD), 0.29% for acne vulgaris, and 0.19% for psoriasis. The microbiome of normal human skin showed high diversity and high interpersonal variation. Imbalance of the intestinal microbiota can promote the onset and progression of human diseases. Objective: It was analyzed, through a systematic review, the main considerations of the nutrients, probiotics, and gut microbiota in the treatment of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The search was carried out from January to April 2024 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 120 articles were found, and 29 articles were evaluated in full, and 20 were included and developed in the present systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 23 studies with a high risk of bias and 25 studies that did not meet GRADE and AMSTAR-2. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X²=79.5%>50%. It was concluded that aesthetically healthy skin includes manipulation of intestinal function. Treatments that augment or repair a leaky gut barrier may become important as adjunctive therapy in the management of inflammatory skin conditions and may help increase the effectiveness of standard dermatotherapy. All of this would be aimed at modifying the secretory, metabolic, and hormonal activity of the intestinal epithelium to impact skin inflammation.

Relationship between gut microbiota, probiotics, and obesity in the cellular and molecular mechanisms for the activation of regulatory t cells and control of inflammatory processes: a systematic review

2024-06-26T01:32:09+00:00

Introduction: Obesity represents a pandemic represented as a long-term chronic imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure, resulting in more than 30% of the world's population (over two billion people) being overweight or obese. Studies show that Tregs regulate inflammatory cells such as macrophages and T lymphocytes by reducing the production of cytokines IL-6, IL-10, etc., and microRNAs can regulate the gene expression of inflammatory cells. Probiotics have been increasingly studied for modulating the gut microbiota. Objective: It was to develop a systematic review to describe the main considerations of the relationship between gut microbiota, probiotics, and obesity, to list the cellular and molecular mechanisms for the activation of regulatory T cells and control of inflammatory processes. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The search was carried out from March to May 2024 in the Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 122 articles were found, and 40 articles were evaluated in full and 24 were included and developed in the present systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 25 studies with a high risk of bias and 22 studies that did not meet GRADE and AMSTAR-2. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X²=78.7%>50%. It was concluded that probiotic therapy proved to be an important strategy associated with a nutritional change to improve the composition of the gut microbiota. In this context, the probiotics L. paracasei shirota, Akkermansia muciniphila, and Lactobacillus reuteri V3401 stand out, which are responsible for reducing inflammatory markers. Modulation of the gut microbiota through physical exercise, type of nutrients, and use of prebiotics, and/or probiotics have a positive effect on reducing inflammatory markers. Some miRNAs have been implicated in the control of body weight gain, glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism, with crosstalk with the gut microbiota. Furthermore, an association was found between B. eggerthi abundance, miR-183-5p expression, and adiponectin levels. Expression of miR-15a-5p was found to be associated with H. parainfluenzae abundance and insulin levels.

Nutrological modulation of cannabidiol in the inflammatory processes of athletes: a systematic review

2024-06-14T11:41:15+00:00

Introduction: The correct interaction between the elements of the endocannabinoid system plays an important role in the development of the central nervous system. Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that cannabidiol (CBD) may be useful for athletes due to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties and its influence on the sleep-wake cycle. Furthermore, a series of implications for epigenetic processes were also proven, through changes in the expression of exosomes and microRNAs responsible for modulating the immune and inflammatory systems. Objective: It was to list the main clinical considerations of the nutritional modulation of cannabidiol in inflammatory and immunological processes in athletes through a systematic review. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The research was carried out from January to March 2024 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and AMSTAR-2, and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 88 articles were found. A total of 36 articles were evaluated in full and 18 were included and developed in the present systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 26 studies with a high risk of bias and 12 studies that did not meet GRADE and AMSTAR-2. CBD has been reported to exert a range of physiological, biochemical, and psychological effects with the potential to benefit human health. For example, there is preliminary supporting evidence for CBD's anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, analgesic, and anxiolytic actions and the possibility that it may protect against gastrointestinal damage associated with inflammation and promote the healing of traumatic skeletal injuries. The combination of Δ9-THC and CBD can alter the activity of microRNAs responsible for increasing the biosynthesis of inflammatory mediators, leading to a reduction in the inflammatory profile. Despite these findings, there is still a lack of randomized and/or prospective controlled clinical studies with a robust sample size to better understand the safety and effectiveness of the use of cannabidiol by medium to high-performance athletes, as well as better understand the dosages for each type of sports performance.

Gut microbiota and skeletal muscle axis in sports performance through nutrological activation of irisin and microRNAs: a systematic review

2024-06-13T12:13:11+00:00

Introduction: Several discoveries have accumulated evidence regarding gut microbiota, regenerative nutrition, and skeletal muscle metabolism. Exercise volume and intensity have been shown to influence gastrointestinal health status, including the role of growth factors, signaling pathways, oxidative stress, metabolic factors, irisin, and microRNAs. Objective: To present, through a systematic review, the main approaches and outcomes of clinical studies of the gut microbiota and skeletal muscle axis in sports performance through the nutritional activation of irisin and microRNAs. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The research was carried out from January to April 2024 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: 121 articles were found. A total of 40 articles were evaluated in full and 19 were included and developed in the present systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 16 studies with a high risk of bias and 25 studies that did not meet GRADE. It was concluded that exercise-induced stimulation of irisin (bioactive cytokines), through muscle-bone-fat crosstalk, increases muscle anabolism, bone formation, mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose utilization, and fatty acid oxidation and Attenuates chronic low-grade inflammation. A current focus in the field of sports and metabolism is the investigation of how specific metabolites and nutrients affect the progression and treatment of muscle injuries. Nutrients can also regulate normal homeostatic processes by altering the decisions of muscle stem and satellite cells. MicroRNAs have emerged as important players in the regulation of gene expression, being involved in most of the biological processes examined to date, given that microRNAs are mainly involved in the cell's stress response making them ideal candidates for mediating the skeletal muscle response to changes in contractile activity. Identifying and validating target genes will help understand the molecular mechanism through which microRNAs regulate skeletal muscle in response to exercise.

Consensus of the Brazilian Association of Nutrology and the Brazilian Society for Food and Nutrition on the consumption of cow's milk by humans

2024-06-07T11:56:51+00:00

Obesity and mental disorders: prevalence analysis in a group of employees of a large multinational company in Brazil

2024-06-04T13:26:58+00:00

Obesity is a 21st-century pandemic that is associated with cognitive and mental health problems, non-communicable diseases, and premature death. Several studies have associated obesity with the occurrence of mental disorders, including depression. Considering the high prevalence of the two comorbidities and the importance of their impact on people's lives, the objective of this work was to analyze the correlation between obesity and mental disorders, including depression, in adult employees of a large multinational company based in Brazil. This study followed a prospective observational longitudinal and comparative model, following the STROBE rules. This study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee. 3706 electronic medical records of occupational medicine consultations of employees from different regions of Brazil of a large multinational company were evaluated, between the years 2020 and 2021. For the present study, the BMI profile was crossed, according to the BMI classification. Brazilian Association of Nutrology (ABRAN) with data from the assessment of the mental state of employees considering the results of the Self Report Questionnaire (SQR20). The results obtained showed an association between the two variables and allowed us to conclude that overweight/obese employees have a higher incidence of mental disorders; employees with low and normal weight are primarily in the age group under 40; overweight/obese employees are preferably between the ages of 40 and 60; men have a higher incidence of overweight and a lower rate of mental disorders; women have a higher incidence of normal weight and a higher rate of mental disorders; Underweight employees are less likely to suffer from mental disorders.

Individualized parenteral nutrition guideline: the challenge of trace elements

2024-06-04T12:42:49+00:00

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is one of the pharmacological therapies that makes it possible to save lives previously condemned to death. PN entered clinical practice in the mid-1960s and was one of the most important advances in medicine after the discovery of anesthetics, antibiotics, and antisepsis methods. PN, however, is not without risks, as it is considered a high-alert medication that involves a significant risk of harm when used incorrectly. PN is the most complex existing pharmacological preparation with 20 to 40 active ingredients, the process of its application being transdisciplinary and its safety dependent on individual competence and reliable performance in each of its stages. The correct, individualized, and safe prescription of trace elements represents one of the biggest challenges in this process.

Enteral and parenteral therapy in the regulation of microRNAs to mitigate inflammatory processes and metabolic disorders in patients with obesity: a systematic review

2024-04-26T14:34:46+00:00

Introduction: Obesity establishes a long-term chronic imbalance between calorie intake and energy expenditure, which causes serious comorbidities. MicroRNAs stand out, which are a class of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression. Changes in their expression and functions have been associated with several diseases, including metabolic disorders and obesity. Enteral and parenteral nutrition therapy functions as an important regulator of microRNAs against inflammatory and metabolic processes. Objective: It was to carry out a systematic review of the main approaches to enteral and parenteral nutrition therapy in patients with obesity, to regulate the gene expression of microRNAs to mitigate inflammatory processes and metabolic disorders. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The search was carried out from January to March 2024 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 117 articles were found. A total of 41 articles were evaluated in full and 30 were included in this systematic review. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 20 studies with a high risk of bias and 24 studies that did not meet GRADE. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X² =59.2% >50%. It was concluded that studies accumulate evidence that circulating miRNAs are associated with obesity. Some microRNAs have been implicated in the control of body weight gain, glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, and lipid metabolism. In this sense, enteral feeding is an effective and safe treatment before bariatric surgery, with ketogenic enteral nutrition leading to better clinical results than hypocaloric enteral nutritional protocols in glycemic and lipid profiles. A diverse range of nutritional interventions are effective in treating obesity and its comorbidities, mainly through nutrotherapy triggers on microRNAs.

The weight of obesity: a retrospective analysis of the direct costs of hospitalizations due to obesity between 2011 and 2020 for the unified health system in Brazil

2024-04-16T12:56:45+00:00

Aim: This study aimed to analyze the evolution of obesity-related costs over the past 10 years for Brazil's Unified Health System (SUS) and provide insights for guiding and expanding health management and promotion measures. Methods: An observational and retrospective study was conducted using secondary data from 2011 to 2020, extracted from DataSUS with the ICD-10 code for obesity. Statistical analysis was performed to assess trends in hospitalizations and costs related to obesity. Results: During the analyzed period, there was a substantial increase of 110% in hospitalizations and 167% in obesity-related costs for SUS. Female patients (86%) accounted for the majority of hospitalizations, while males (14%) had lower representation. Predominantly, white individuals (62%) were admitted, whereas indigenous individuals had the lowest representation (0,007%). The Southern region contributed to 46% of total cases, in contrast to the Northern region, which accounted for only 0,9%. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate a significant rise in hospitalizations and associated costs related to obesity for Brazil's Unified Health System. These results underscore the urgency of implementing health promotion and prevention measures, both in the public and private sectors. There is a need for optimized allocation of human resources, including trained professionals for obesity treatment, to mitigate the burden of obesity-related morbidity and mortality and alleviate the strain on the healthcare system.

Major clinical implications of adequate nutrition in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a concise systematic review

2024-04-14T15:41:23+00:00

Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inappropriate levels of impulsive behavior, hyperactivity, and/or inattention, with a worldwide prevalence estimated at around 7% in childhood and adolescence, and around 3 % in adulthood, with a higher prevalence in boys than in girls. Objective: It was to present the main clinical implications of adequate nutrition in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The research was carried out from January to March 2024 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 84 articles were found, 21 articles were evaluated, and 14 were included in this systematic review. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 19 studies with a high risk of bias and 30 studies that did not meet GRADE. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X²=62.8%>50%. Intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) fatty acids daily for 8 weeks is associated with less impulsive behavior in children with ADHD. Dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids reduces ADHD symptoms in both individuals with ADHD and typically developing children. A Mediterranean diet may improve BIS results, although our results are not conclusive in this population. The daily intake of calories and nutrients in patients taking methylphenidate is generally lower than in a healthy population of similar age. Co-supplementation of vitamin D and magnesium over 8 weeks may improve behavioral function and mental health in children with ADHD.

Action of cannabidiol in interaction with microRNAs and exosomes in modulation of inflammatory and immune processes in athletes: a systematic review

2024-04-12T13:23:53+00:00

Introduction: The correct interaction between elements of the endocannabinoid system plays an important role in the development of the central nervous system. Clinical and preclinical studies suggest that cannabidiol (CBD) may be useful for athletes due to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties and its influence on the sleep-wake cycle. In addition, a series of implications for epigenetic processes have also been proven, through changes in the expression of microRNAs responsible for modulating the immune and inflammatory systems. Objective: It was to develop a systematic review study to highlight the main aspects of cannabidiol in the interaction with microRNAs and exosomes in the modulation of inflammatory and immunological processes in athletes. Methods: The systematic review rules of the PRISMA Platform were followed. The research was carried out from February to April 2023 in Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 228 articles were found, and 84 articles were evaluated in full and 33 were included and developed in this systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 20 studies with a high risk of bias and 90 studies that did not meet GRADE. CBD has been reported to exert a range of physiological, biochemical, and psychological effects with the potential to benefit human health. For example, there is preliminary supporting evidence for the anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, analgesic, and anxiolytic actions of CBD and the possibility that it may protect against gastrointestinal damage associated with inflammation and promote the healing of traumatic skeletal injuries. The combination of Δ9-THC and CBD can alter the activity of microRNAs responsible for increasing the biosynthesis of inflammatory mediators, leading to a reduction in the inflammatory profile. However, it is important to recognize that these findings are very preliminary, sometimes inconsistent, and largely derived from preclinical studies. These studies are limited in their generalizability to athletes and often administer high doses of CBD. The central observation is that there is a lack of studies that directly investigate CBD and sports performance.

Tactile and smell/taste sensitivity and accepted foods according to sensory properties: a cross-sectional study with children from a reference center in feeding difficulties

2024-04-03T21:09:35+00:00

Introduction: Children with feeding difficulties are more likely to present sensory sensitivities and detect meaningful changes in the sensory properties of foods and reject new foods. Objective: The aims of the study were to identify the top food sources of energy according to children sensitivity profile, and investigate whether there are differences between children sensitivity profile and number of food categories consumed according to their sensory properties. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with 65 children recruited from an outpatient clinic for children with feeding difficulties, Brazil. Socio-demographics and weight status were included to characterize the sample. Sensory processing using the adapted and validated Short Sensory Profile (SSP) and included the tactile and smell/taste processing domains. Parents reported the number and sources of foods/preparations accepted/consumed by their children. Foods accepted were classified according to the adapted “What We Eat in Latin American - WWELA” classification system. Four aspects of sensory properties were subjectively evaluated for all foods accepted in taste, color, consistency, and texture. Results: Most of the children with tactile and smell/taste sensitivities were classified as combined probable/definite differences, with 52.3% and 92.3%, respectively. Average number of foods categories accepted was 18.81. Rice, whole milk, and banana were among the top food sources for each of sensory processing domains examined. Only children in smell/taste sensitivity showed significant differences for consuming more fibrous foods, with children under typical performance accepting more foods (28.50 2.12) than combined probable/definite differences (16.86± 5.25). Conclusion: Child sensory processing aspects are important when considering the exposure in relation to child acceptance of foods.

Major considerations of enteral nutritional therapy in patients with congestive heart failure: a systematic review

2024-03-18T23:58:02+00:00

Introduction: Nutrition in the cardiovascular area has focused on improving lifestylerelated diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome from the point of view of primary and secondary prevention, that is, “nutrition for weight loss ” and nutritional guidance has been required. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a serious and growing public health problem worldwide. Approximately 25 million people are carriers of this disease and two million new cases are diagnosed each year, and enteral nutrition has been highlighted. Objective: It was to develop a systematic review of the main clinical outcomes that highlight the importance of enteral nutritional therapy in patients with congestive heart failure. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The research was carried out from October to November 2023 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: 143 articles were found. A total of 45 articles were evaluated and 34 were included in this systematic review. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 21 studies with a high risk of bias and 17 studies that did not meet GRADE and AMSTAR-2. It was concluded enteral nutrition is highly recommended in an attempt to mitigate weight loss in these patients. Enteral diet therapy can be infused continuously or intermittently. Studies have shown that more debilitated and less active patients better accept the diet via continuous tube, slowly and for a long period, even in those with heart disease.

Investigation of regenerative nutrology of cells/molecules to the organism: a systematic review

2024-03-18T22:46:23+00:00

Introduction: In the context of tissue regeneration and nutrology, stem cells from adult tissue mediate homeostasis and regeneration of tissues and organs. These decisions are directly integrated with the body's energy balance and nutritional status. Endogenous metabolites and dietary nutrients can directly influence epigenetic enzymes. Objective: It was to carry out a systematic review of the regenerative nutrology of cells and molecules in the body. Methods: The systematic review rules of the PRISMA Platform were followed. The research was carried out from April to June 2023 in Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 112 articles were found. A total of 45 articles were evaluated in full and 25 were included and developed in this systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 18 studies with a high risk of bias and 18 studies that did not meet GRADE. It was evidenced that the metabolism of stem cells was centered on the central metabolism of carbon and the balance between glycolysis versus oxidative phosphorylation in the regulation of cell destiny. Epigenetic modifications to DNA and histones, proteins that alter cellular fate, control chromatin accessibility and downstream gene expression. In addition to the connection between metabolism and epigenetic pathways, nutrients can impact cellular status by modulating signaling pathway activity. A clear example is through the mechanistic targeting of the rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, and in particular the mTOR 1 complex. Nutritional supplementation accelerated the healing of skin ulcers and reduced the intensity of wound care in non-malnourished patients.

Nutritional Status and Food Consumption of Preschool-age Children: An Observational Cross-Sectional Study Carried Out in Schools Covered by the Brazilian School Feeding Program

2024-03-05T22:14:19+00:00

Introduction: Excess weight in children is a complex and multifactorial condition, resulting from the interaction between genetic and environmental factors. For the treatment and prevention of obesity in childhood, an effective intervention must involve the main relationships and contexts in which the individual is inserted, such as the family and school environment. In Brazil, the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) is an important tool for the prevention of childhood obesity in the country, since the program aims to provide healthy school meals and food and nutrition education to students of all ages enrolled in public schools. Objective: This study aimed to identify the excess weight prevalence and analyze the food consumption of preschool-age students enrolled in schools registered in the National School Feeding Program in Sertãozinho-SP. Methods: This is a descriptive observational cross-sectional study. After the guardians' authorization by signing the Informed and Voluntary Consent Form (TCLE), preschool children were subjected to measurements of weight (kg), height (m), triceps skinfold (mm), and abdominal circumference (cm). A validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to collect data on food consumption. Results: 153 students were included in the sample, 81 (52.94%) were boys and 72 (47.06%) were girls. In total, 109 (71.24%) children were between 4 and 5 years old. According to the Body Mass Index (BMI) classification for age, 1 (0.65%) child presented the situation of severely thin, 10 (6.54%) students were classified as thin, 89 (58.17%) were eutrophic, 12 (7.84%) at risk of overweight, 22 (14.38%) with overweight, 12 (7.84%) with obesity and 7 (4.58%) with severe obesity. A significant association was found between the variables BMI for age and tricipital skinfold (p<0,0010), and the same association was observed for Abdominal Circumference measurements (p<0,001). Regarding food consumption, it was found that for vegetables, frequency of consumption equal to or less than 1 to 3 times a month was the most mentioned by the majority of the guardians. Among the sugar, sweets, and snacks groups, more than 50% of respondents reported consuming powdered chocolate (63%) and sugar (53%) at a frequency greater than or equal to 2 to 4 times a week. Conclusion: A high prevalence of overweight was found, approximately 35%. Severe thinness and thinness conditions were observed in 7% of children. Furthermore, a low frequency of vegetable consumption and a high intake of ultraprocessed foods were observed.

Effectiveness of argon plasma coagulation in the treatment of weight regain after roux-y gastric bypass: a cross-sectional prospective observational study

2024-02-28T14:10:41+00:00

Introduction: Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) is one of the most commonly performed surgeries to treat obesity worldwide. However, approximately 20% of patients have a recurrence of obesity, and enlargement of the gastrojejunal anastomosis is one of the associated factors. Endoscopic treatment of anastomosis has been proposed for further weight loss. One of the most commonly used techniques for anastomotic narrowing is argon plasma coagulation (APC). However, no randomized controlled trials have proven that this technique is superior to multidisciplinary follow-up. Objective: To evaluate and investigate the efficacy and safety of the application of argon plasma in the gastrojejunal anastomosis in the relapse of obesity after Gastric Bypass. Methods: Transversal study. Thirty-two patients were selected. More than 50% of The excess body weight regained was lost. Ranging from 6 to 25 kg. Results: A loss of more than 50% of the excess weight regained was observed in 30 % patients. Ranging from 6 to 25 kg. Conclusion: The application of argon plasma coagulation was safe and effective in the treatment of obesity recurrence after gastric bypass.