International Journal of Nutrology

Major approaches and results of clinical studies of the connection gut microbiota-brain and the effects of nutrients and microorganisms in patients with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Schizophrenia (SZ) affects approximately 20 million individuals worldwide. The gut microbiota (GM) plays a fundamental role. Objective: It was to present, through a meta-analysis, the main considerations and outcomes of clinical studies on the relationship between the gut microbiota-brain axis in patients with schizophrenia, as well as to highlight the effects of nutrients, prebiotics, and probiotics for the improvement of symptoms of schizophrenia. Methods: The PRISMA rules for meta-analysis were followed. The research was carried out from November 2024 to January 2025 in the Scopus, Embase, PubMed, Science Direct, and Scielo databases, using scientific articles from 2009 to 2024. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias by the Cochrane (Funnel Plot). Results and Conclusion: It was founded 147 studies that underwent eligibility analysis. The final sample had 77 eligible studies and only 69 studies were described in the systematic review. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with I² =15.7% <25%. The symmetrical funnel plot did not suggest a risk of bias among studies with small sample sizes. Altered gut microbiota composition was evidenced in people with obesity and chronic schizophrenia. The potential role of gut microbiota in schizophrenia is related to changes in brain structure and function. Intestinal serotonin production was potentially associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia. Furthermore, SZ is related to the reduction of bacteria-producing anti-inflammatory butyrate. Improvement trends in psychiatric symptoms for schizophrenia were observed in men treated with probiotics.

Graphical abstract

Dietary patterns, risk factors, and time frames of heart attacks, arrhythmias, and conduction disorders: a cross-sectional study

Fri, 25 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) represent the leading cause of dying cases globally and embody a major public health obstacle. They involve IHD, heart failure, arrhythmias, and electrical conduction disorders, that contribute basically to hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality. The global burden has been related to people ageing and the increasing prevalence of CVDs risk factors. Approximately 19.8 million deaths were related to CVDs globally during 2022. Objective: It was to identify dietary and other risk factors and time frames of heart attacks, arrhythmias, and conduction disorders. Methods: A descriptive study were carried out to achieve the objectives of the study. A non-probability convenience sampling method was used to select (1100) patients that diagnosed with cardiac diseases by the medical staff in CCU of both Kirkuk Teaching Hospital and Azadi teaching Hospital in Kirkuk’s city and to achieve the objectives of the study. The data were collected for a period from 1 February through 31 Juley 2026 through an interviewer – administered questionnaire in which constructed for the study that consisted of parts I, demographic data (risk factors), part II, dietary pattern of the participants. part III, cardiac diseases occurrence according to the times of day, part IV, cardiac events according to days of week. A content validity was obtained to review the items relativeness of the tool. Reliability of the questionnaire rated (0.81). The data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis including (frequencies, percentage, Pearson Chi-square, Cramer's v test, Monte-Carlo test and Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test). Results: The findings of the study showed risk factors related demographic data that most of the sample were from age group (50-59) years which represent (26%), male percentage was (60%) compared to female (40%), marred cases accounted (66%), not read/write (35%), lived in urban (75%), housewife represented patients (40%) . Also, the study reported that most of the participants had angina (46%) followed by MI (40%). Furthermore, majority (9 out of 10) of the items were highly significant (p < 0.001) in regard to dietary factor. In addition, cardiac diseases and arrhythmia was occurred highly during morning (34%) mostly among MI cases (17%) and evening/night (31%) most of them had angina (19%). 20% take place on Friday and (18%) 0n Saturday. Relationship between cardiac conditions and time of occurrence showed a moderate significant association for both time of day and day of week (p<0.001). Conclusions: The study concluded that risk factors of cardiac diseases involved individuals with age group (50-59) years old , males, married, unable to read/ write, urban resident and housewives. Furthermore, dietary pattern was highly significant factor for cardiac diseases, arrhythmias and conduction disorders. In addition, cardiac diseases occurred during Sunday and Fridays regarding MI whereas Angina on Saturday, and a clear increase in incidence during morning and evening hours. A moderate significant association was observed between cardiac conditions and time frame according to time (hours) of day and days of week.

Graphical Abstract

Prevalence and clinical, procedural, and nutritional-status-related risk factors of puncture-site hematoma after cardiac catheterization in Northern Iraq: a cross-sectional study

Fri, 25 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Puncture-site hematoma is a clinically relevant vascular-access complication after invasive catheter-based procedures. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of puncture-site hematoma and identify its associated risk factors including nutritional-status-related factors among patients following cardiac catheterization in Northern Iraq. Methods: Data from 137 patients were analyzed using a structured data-collection form covering demographic and clinical characteristics, catheterization-related variables, 16 potential risk factors, including obesity as a nutritional-status-related factor, and clinical signs and symptoms. Categorical data were summarized as frequencies and percentages. Pearson chi-square tests were used for bivariate associations, and variables significantly associated with hematoma were entered into a multivariable binary logistic regression model. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. Results: Puncture-site hematoma occurred in 69 of 137 patients (50.4%). Obesity was more frequent among patients with hematoma than those without hematoma (53.6% vs. 38.2%), although the association was not statistically significant (p=0.071). In bivariate analysis, hematoma was associated with three or more cardiac catheterizations (p=0.001), femoral versus radial access (p=0.033), shorter compression time (15–30 minutes; p=0.013), a history of inherited/acquired clotting disorder recorded as DVT/PE (p=0.002), and low platelet count (p=0.012). In the adjusted model, clotting disorder (aOR 2.44, 95% CI 1.11–5.37), low platelet count (aOR 2.44, 95% CI 1.10–5.41), and three or more catheterizations (aOR 9.65, 95% CI 2.40–38.78) were associated with greater odds of hematoma. Compression for 30–45 minutes was associated with lower odds (aOR 0.37, 95% CI 0.17–0.82). Radial access showed a protective direction but did not remain statistically significant after adjustment (aOR 0.48, p=0.079). Conclusion: Puncture-site hematoma was frequent in this dataset. Repeated catheterization, low platelet count, and the recorded clotting-disorder variable were independent predictors, whereas longer compression was protective. Obesity showed a non-significant association with hematoma, highlighting the relevance of nutritional-status-related factors for further investigation. Risk stratification and careful post-procedural hemostasis and monitoring should be emphasized in cardiac catheterization care.

Graphical Abstract

Cross-sectional study on the work-related musculoskeletal disorders among secondary school teachers in Kirkuk City: prevalence, occupational risk factors, and nutritional status

Fri, 25 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) represent a major occupational health concern among teachers globally; however, evidence from Iraq remains limited. This study aimed to estimate the 12-month prevalence of WMSDs and determine the occupational, ergonomic, and nutritional-status-related factors associated with these disorders among secondary school teachers in Kirkuk City. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted among 352 teachers working in public secondary schools in Kirkuk City. Data were obtained through a structured, self-administered questionnaire assessing socio-demographic characteristics, and anthropometric and nutritional status indicators, occupational and ergonomic factors, musculoskeletal symptoms affecting nine anatomical regions. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 27. Associations were examined using the Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square or Fisher's exact test, and multivariable binary logistic regression. Statistical significance was established at p<0.05. Results: The overall 12-month prevalence of WMSDs was 85.8%. Overall, 67.4% of teachers were overweight or obese. The neck (69.3%), lower back (65.1%), and shoulder (64.8%) were the most frequently affected anatomical regions. Female teachers had a significantly higher prevalence than male teachers (91.0% vs 81.6%, p=0.012). In the adjusted regression model, greater teaching experience (aOR=1.078 per year) and frequent standing during teaching (aOR=4.716) were independently associated with higher odds of WMSDs. In contrast, frequent computer use was associated with reduced odds (aOR = 0.411). Despite the high prevalence of symptoms, only 43.7% of affected teachers sought medical care, and 23.6% had received ergonomic training. Conclusion: WMSDs are highly prevalent among secondary school teachers in Kirkuk City, with women experiencing a disproportionate burden. The findings suggest that cumulative occupational exposure and prolonged standing are important contributors to WMSDs, highlighting the need for improved ergonomic training and occupational health support and integrated health-promotion strategies that also consider nutritional status and healthy body weight within the education sector.

Graphical Abstract

Major cardiovascular, metabolic, and hypertension outcomes of coenzyme Q10 supplementation in elderly patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Fri, 18 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: The aging of the world's population poses unprecedented challenges to maintaining the health of the 9.1 billion people who will inhabit the planet by 2050. Dietary habits, which lead to the development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, significantly increase the risk of death. Objective: This was to conduct a systematic review to present and correlate the main outcomes of clinical studies on the dosages and bioavailability of coenzyme Q10, in monotherapy or associated with other supplements, for the best treatment and prevention of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and arterial hypertension in the elderly. Methods: The systematic review rules of the PRISMA Platform were followed. The search was carried out from January to April 2026 in the Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE and AMSTAR-2 instruments and the risk of bias was adequately analyzed, according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: A total of 154 articles were found, and 37 articles were fully evaluated and included in this article, of which 17 were included in the systematic review. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 25 studies with a high risk of bias and 29 studies that did not reach GRADE. Most studies presented homogeneity in their results, with X²=64.5%>50%. It was concluded that supplementation with selenium and coenzyme Q10 for an elderly population significantly reduces systemic oxidative stress, with a reduction in the risk of cardiovascular mortality and presenting a lower rate of cardiovascular mortality after a median follow-up of 10 years. There was also preservation of leukocyte telomeres, fibrosis reduction, and fibroblast growth factor 23 after selenium and Coenzyme Q10 supplementation. In patients with metabolic syndrome, nutraceutical (NC) and Coenzyme Q10 supplementation were safe, well tolerated, and effective in improving clinical blood pressure, lipid, and glycemic profiles. The combination of nutraceuticals and Coenzyme Q10 demonstrated clinical efficacy in reducing total cholesterol, non-HDL, LDL, and triglycerides, while improving the level of hepatic transaminases and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Personalized glycemic management using diabetes-specific nutrition formula combined with continuous glucose monitoring for people with diabetes in an ambulatory setting: a clinical case series

Thu, 17 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a growing global health issue, with significant prevalence in low-and middle-income countries. Effective glycemic control is crucial to managing DM and preventing complications. Objective: This clinical case series evaluated the impact of diabetes-specific nutrition formulas (DSNFs) combined with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on glycemic control in a real-world setting of participants with DM. Methods: The Fine Adjustment Intervention Required (FAIR) program included adult participants (n=6) with type 1 or type 2 DM and poor glycemic control. Participants underwent a 2-week diagnostic period using CGM followed by a 4-week individualized intervention using DSNF. The intervention aimed to reduce hyper- and hypoglycemic events, improve time in range (TIR), and enhance patient-reported quality of life. Dietary modification, physical activity recommendations, and DSNF incorporation were individualized to each patient’s needs. Results: All participants showed significant improvements in glycemic control. Clinically significant increases in TIR (>5%) was seen in 5 out of 6 participants and average change was 17 percent after the 4-week intervention. Severe hypoglycemic events were reduced in participants with hypoglycemia at baseline. Additionally, participants anecdotally reported better quality of life after participation in the FAIR program. Conclusion: The FAIR program demonstrated that individualized use of DSNFs and CGM can significantly improve glycemic control in participants with DM. This approach supports the importance of personalized nutrition therapy for improved glycemic management. Future research with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods is recommended to confirm these findings and assess long-term outcomes.

A multicenter longitudinal observational study of integrated metagenomic and resistome analysis of hospital microbiota: identification of emerging antibiotic resistance reservoirs

Ashwaq M. S. Al-Jbouri, Adian Abd Alrazak Dakl, Ban Dhahir Thabbah — Sat, 19 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Hospital environments are important reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), where microbial communities, antibiotic selection pressure, and mobile genetic elements facilitate the emergence and transmission of resistance traits. Objective: The study aimed to characterize the hospital microbiota, resistance structure, and transmission dynamics using integrated metagenomics and network analysis. Materials and Methods: Multicenter longitudinal observational study in five tertiary-care hospitals (January - December 2025). In total, 150 samples were obtained from intensive care units, surgical wards, operating theaters, sink drains, wastewater outlets, ventilation systems, and high-touch surfaces. After quality control, 143 samples were sequenced by whole metagenome on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. Top-notch bioinformatics pipelines were used for taxonomic profiling, (ARG) detection, mobile genetic element analysis, microbial network construction, and predictive modeling. Results: Pseudomonas (18.4%), Acinetobacter (15.1%), and Klebsiella (12.6%) represented the genera most commonly isolated. Wastewater and sink drains had the highest microbial diversity and ARG burden. The most common were β-lactam resistance genes (28.6%), while clinically important determinants included bla_KPC (41.2%), bla_NDM (38.6%), mecA (35.1%), and mcr-1 (12.4%) In summary, 71.8% of ARGs were related to mobile genetic elements. ROA modelling with a Random Forest accurately identified major ARG reservoirs (AUROC = 0.94), and three novel resistance gene variants were detected. Conclusion: Hospital wastewater, sink drains, and ICU-related areas are recognized as high-density reservoirs and spreaders of antimicrobial resistance. This study integrates metagenomic surveillance and predictive analytics to identify high-risk reservoirs and support targeted infection control strategies.

Homemade oral nutritional supplements with reduced long-chain triglycerides: bromatological and sensory evaluation

Thu, 20 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Restricting long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) and replacing them with medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) may improve the nutritional status of patients with lipid malabsorption. Homemade oral nutritional supplements (ONS) containing MCTs aim to increase energy intake and prevent weight loss. Objective: To develop an accessible, nutritionally adequate, and palatable homemade ONS with restricted LCTs and added MCTs, targeted at patients with diseases affecting lipid absorption. Methods: This prospective observational study adhered to the STROBE guidelines. Three formulations of energy- dense homemade ONS with low LCT content and added MCTs were developed, considering nutritional value, cost, and ingredient availability. Proximate composition was assessed through bromatological analysis. Sensory acceptability was evaluated in 30 assessors (19 healthy individuals and 11 patients with malabsorption syndromes) using a 0-10 hedonic scale. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. As no significant differences were detected, post-hoc testing was not performed (p < 0.05 considered significant). Results: Energy density ranged from 1.56 to 1.74 kcal/mL, and protein content ranged from 5.1 to 5.9 g/100 mL. No significant differences were found between formulations regarding color (p=0.765), aroma (p=0.459), flavor (p=0.721), or overall impression (p=0.146). Conclusion: Homemade ONS are feasible alternatives that are affordable, palatable, and nutritionally appropriate for patients requiring LCT restriction, with potential to improve therapeutic adherence and nutritional status.

State of the art of specialized nutritional intervention in pediatric patients with autism spectrum disorder: a guideline

Tue, 11 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition. The global prevalence of ASD has increased considerably in recent decades. Recent data from the United States estimate that 1 in 36 children is affected. Among the most significant health-related consequences of ASD are undoubtedly nutritional status disorders. In light of this, the present guideline outlines a nutritional treatment algorithm for ASD, with a focus on specialized nutritional interventions. The proposed algorithm enables an appropriate therapeutic approach that contributes significantly to improved health and quality of life, as well as to reducing family stress. Specialized nutritional intervention is necessary and serves as a simple, efficient method to help resolve a large proportion of nutritional issues in this patient group. Therefore, early nutritional intervention promotes healthier eating habits in children with ASD.

Graphical Abstract

The effectiveness of an educational program in improving nurses knowledge of blood transfusion safety: a cross-sectional study

Mohammed Ibrahim Humadi, Yaseen Mohammed Mussa — Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Blood transfusion is a safe and life-saving medical procedure in which blood or its components (red blood cells, platelets, and plasma) are transferred from a healthy donor into the patient's bloodstream using an intravenous catheter. This method is used to replace blood lost due to injuries or surgery, or to treat severe anemia and chronic diseases such as cancer and thalassemia. Objective: To assess the efficacy of a proposed educational program on nurses’ knowledge of blood transfusion safety and identify the relationships between the demographic characteristics and their knowledge level. Design: A cross-sectional study was employed, utilizing a quantitative research methodology. The study was conducted between 19/11/2025 and 1/2/2026 to fulfill the predefined objectives. Methods: A convenience sample of nurses administering blood transfusions at Tarmia General Hospital was gathered. Data were gathered utilizing a structured questionnaire developed in accordance with WHO guidelines, encompassing demographic characteristics and associated variables, alongside knowledge pertaining to patient preparation, pre-transfusion responsibilities, post-transfusion protocols, and the management of blood transfusion reactions. The tool had multiple-choice questions scored as (1) for correct replies and (0) for wrong responses. Reliability was evaluated with the Kuder–Richardson Formula-20 for internal consistency. Pre-Period = 50.3409, Post-Period = 65.2919. Data were evaluated employing descriptive statistics, including observed frequencies, percentages, mean scores, standard deviations, and relative sufficiency (RS%), alongside the Binomial test, One-sample Chi-Square test, One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, McNemar test. Results: Knowledge increased from 49.8% to 79.3% in the post-test, and the average score also improved. Demographic characteristics and cognitive improvements were not substantially associated (p>0.05). Conclusion: The introduction of an educational program has markedly enhanced nurses' knowledge across all examined areas, whereas minor correlations have been identified with nurses' sociodemographic factors and some associated variables.

From antimicrobial resistance to disability: a One Health framework linking pandrug-resistant infections to amputation and irreversible functional decline

Sarah Ahmed Hasan — Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century to global health. The impact of AMR is usually assessed in terms of morbidity, mortality, and cost of health care, but irreversible disability is significantly underrecognized. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and especially pandrug-resistant (PDR) pathogens often cause therapeutic failure, chronic infection, progressive destruction of tissue and permanent impairment in function. Objective: The objective of this review was to reframe AMR in a disability-focused and One Health perspective, by examining the link between resistant infections and amputation, long term functional decline, and disability. Methods: A narrative integrative review was performed with recent literature from clinical, microbiology, public health and One Health publications. The review is targeted at high-risk infections such as diabetic foot infections, infections associated with trauma, burn wounds, osteomyelitis and chronic soft tissue infections. Results: Available data has shown that there exists a link between resistant infections and delayed effective therapy, chronic infection with biofilm, necrosis of tissue, recurrence of surgical intervention and loss of the limb. PDR pathogens mark the ultimate point of therapeutic exhaustion of antimicrobial agents—often the last resort is surgical containment. The burden of disability due to AMR is especially high in LMICs due to delayed diagnosis, poor antimicrobial stewardship, limited access to newer antimicrobials, and lack of adequate rehabilitation services. Conclusion: AMR should no longer be considered solely a cause of death, but also as a leading cause of irreversible disability and long-term burden on society. The inclusion of disability prevention, functional preservation, rehabilitation and One Health in AMR frameworks is essential to future global strategies for health.

Graphical Abstract

Integrating artificial intelligence and One Health approaches for virtual screening and antimicrobial resistance prediction

Sarah Ahmed Hasan — Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global health threat affecting human, animal, and environmental health. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, including machine learning (ML) and deep learning, have demonstrated significant potential in enhancing antimicrobial resistance prediction, antimicrobial discovery, and One Health surveillance systems. Objective: The purpose of this review was to evaluate the use of artificial intelligence and One Health approaches in virtual screening, antimicrobial resistance prediction, and antimicrobial stewardship, and to explore their potential applications in global antimicrobial resistance management. Methods: A narrative review was conducted on recent literature covering the application of AI in antimicrobial resistance prediction, drug discovery, machine learning algorithms, and One Health surveillance systems. Clinical, veterinary, environmental, and public health studies relevant to the topic were reviewed and synthesized. Results: The available evidence showed that AI can enhance resistance prediction, identify resistance-associated mutations, facilitate virtual screening of antimicrobial compounds, and support the discovery of novel therapeutic agents. AI models can also integrate clinical, veterinary, genomic, and environmental data, strengthening One Health surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship efforts. However, data quality, transparency, ethical considerations, and interoperability remain significant challenges. Conclusion: AI has the potential to be a powerful tool in combating antimicrobial resistance within a One Health framework. To fully realize the benefits of AI for antimicrobial resistance prediction, antimicrobial discovery, and global surveillance programs, improved data integration, ethical governance, and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential.

Graphical Abstract

Evaluating the level of awareness regarding ovarian cancer signs and risks among women in Kirkuk: a cross-sectional study

Tue, 14 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is a malignant type of illness, the misinterpretation of the symptomatic ovarian cancer average in women and their physicians might cause a subsequent misdiagnosis of the illness. Objective: Aim of the research was to find out the level of awareness of the symptoms and risk factors of ovarian cancer among women visiting teaching hospital in Kirkuk city. Methods: This study is quantitative descriptive (cross-sectional) design. The data collection was performed using a constructed questionnaire of purposive (non-probability) sample of (200) women visiting at outpatient and inpatients in the Teaching Hospitals in Kirkuk City. Results: The average of the subjects under assessment was (33.16). Juvenile cases were divided into the following groups of Married (66.5%) and house wife (66%). most cases (33%) had high level of education. The cases with adequate economic condition were 57 percent and (72%) percent of cases were urban dwelling. A statistically significant association was observed between Awareness of the risk factors of ovarian cancer in relation to age (p-value = 0.000) and educational level (p-value=0.013), also statistically significant difference was observed between awareness of the symptoms of the ovarian cancer in related to age (p-value = 0.024), Educational level (p-value=0.043) and Economic status (p=0.003). The good awareness (61%) of the participants toward risk factors of the ovarian cancer is more than the poor awareness of the risk factor, while the good awareness (49%) of the participants toward the symptoms is less than the poor awareness (51%) of the ovarian cancer symptoms. Conclusion: The general awareness of the symptoms of ovarian cancer in this study was low.

Nurses’ knowledge regarding postoperative pain management at Tikrit Teaching Hospital: a cross-sectional study

Anwer Amer Farhan, Bestoon Mohammed Ahmad — Mon, 13 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Postoperative pain (POP) is a common and expected experience after surgery. If not adequately controlled, many complications will occur. Objective: This study assessed nurses’ knowledge of postoperative pain at the Tikrit teaching hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study (November 2025-May 2026) included 100 nurses working in surgical units, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a questionnaire covering sociodemographic data and nurses' knowledge about POP management. Analysis by SPSS v25. Results: The results showed that 71% of the sample were males, 81% were between 21 and 29 years old, 77% had diplomas in nursing, 92% were nurses, not midwives, 80% of the sample had 1-5 years of working experience, and 64% of the sample had 1-5 years of experience in surgical units. The nurses respond correctly to 9 questions at a moderate level of knowledge. Conclusion: The nurses have limited knowledge regarding postoperative pain management. Tthereis a need for POP management training. The questionnaire is suitable for both genders.

Ameliorating effects of topical lornoxicam on acne-like lesions induced by Cutibacterium acnes and testosterone in mice: a randomized controlled animal study

Zainab M. Jasim, Fouad K. Gatea, Jabbar S. Hassan — Mon, 27 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Alternative therapeutic approaches are required for acne vulgaris, as current treatments, such as antibiotics, are less effective due to antimicrobial resistance and side effects. Objective: It was to evaluate the efficacy of lornoxicam gel as a non-antibiotic treatment, an acne mouse model was established using C. acnes and testosterone. Methods: Thirty untreated male albino BALB/c mice weighing 25-35 grams and aged 6-8 weeks were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6 per group). After a one-week acclimatization period, acne induction was initiated by applying the testosterone solution topically once daily for 14 days. On day 15, C. acnes was injected intradermally into the dorsal skin, while topical testosterone application continued to the end of the experiment. On day 17, Lornoxicam gel (0.5%) was applied once daily for one week. Clindamycin gel was applied to the standard group. H&E staining was used to evaluate histopathological changes, and ELISA was used to measure the levels of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8) in skin homogenates. Results: Lornoxicam treatment significantly reduced clinical lesion scores, histological damage, and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels compared with the untreated induction group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Topical lornoxicam markedly improves acne-like lesions, indicating new therapeutic possibilities for acne management. Further testing is required to determine its clinical significance, including Phase I/II human clinical trials to assess efficacy, safety, and appropriate dose regimens in various patient populations with moderate-to-severe inflammatory acne.

Graphical Abstract

Iron status and its clinical implications in women with diabetes and thyroid disorder: a cross-sectional study

Tamara Sami Naji, Alaa Al-Noori, Raghad H. Al-Ani, Noor Thair Tahir — Mon, 27 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Thyroid dysfunction and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus are intimately linked to iron status. Because iron plays a crucial role in the synthesis and action of insulin as well as in the generation of thyroid hormone through its involvement in important enzymatic activities, maintaining appropriate iron levels is vital for correct metabolic function. Objective: This study aimed to assess iron status in women with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and thyroid dysfunction. Methods: Ninety participants were collected from the National Diabetes Center (NDC) at Mustansiriyah University. Results: They were divided into three groups: G1: (30) hypothyroidism patients with T2DM, G2: (30) hyperthyroidism patients with T2DM, and G3: (30) healthy controls there was a strong positive correlation between iron vs FBS and positive correlation with iron and HbA1c, TT4, and serum ferritin levels in hypothyroidism patients, while A strong negative Correlation between iron level and TSH in hypothyroidism patients. Conclusion: A strong positive correlation between iron vs FBS and positive correlation with iron vs HbA1c, TSH and serum ferritin levels in hyperthyroidism patients, while A negative Correlation between iron level and TT4 in hyperthyroidism patients. Conclusion, iron metabolism, glycemic management, and thyroid hormone regulation are closely related. Monitoring and controlling iron levels may be crucial to improving clinical outcomes for individuals with thyroid dysfunction since changes in iron status may contribute to metabolic dysregulation in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid states.

Graphical Abstract

Multilevel evaluation of the anticoagulant and antiplatelet effects of clopidogrel, Melilotus officinalis, and Cinnamomum verum in an experimentally induced rabbit thrombosis model: integration of histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and in silico molecular docking: a randomized controlled animal study

Roqia Muslim Obaies, Hawraa H. Naji,, Adnan Mansour Jasim — Wed, 19 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The molecular docking analysis demonstrated that coumarin consistently exhibited the strongest binding affinities across all thrombo-inflammatory targets (P2Y12 receptor, E-selectin, and P-selectin), with binding energies ranging from –8.1 to –8.7 kcal/mol and multiple hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic contacts. Procyanidin showed intermediate efficacy, forming extensive hydrogen-bond networks and favorable binding energies (–7.2 to –7.9 kcal/mol), while cinnamaldehyde displayed the weakest interactions (–5.7 to –6.3 kcal/mol), limited by its smaller molecular size. Histological studies confirmed that clopidogrel and Melilotus officinalis reduced thrombus formation and collagen deposition, while cinnamon exhibited partial protective effects but still showed significant thrombus presence. Immunohistochemistry revealed that clopidogrel suppressed NOS2 and TNF-α expression, Melilotus reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, and cinnamon moderately decreased TNF-α but maintained high NOS2 activity. Overall, coumarin and procyanidin demonstrated superior predicted binding affinity, while clopidogrel and Melilotus provided the strongest histological and molecular protection against thrombosis and vascular inflammation.

Graphical Abstract

Nutrology of probiotics and nutrients in cancer patients: a systematic review

Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: In the scenario of immunomodulation by regulatory T cells (Tregs), studies show that the increase in Bifidobacterium probiotics, in addition to colonizing the intestine, alters the intestinal microbiota, activating Treg cells, which produces anti-tumor effects. Objective: This was to establish, through a systematic review study, the main clinical studies that show the positive effects of probiotics and nutrients in stimulating regulatory T cells in cancer patients, to enable immunotherapy for the control, reduction, or even elimination of cancer cells. Methods: The systematic review rules of the PRISMA Platform were followed. The search was carried out from April to May 2025 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: 141 articles were found. A total of 40 articles were fully assessed and 31 were included and developed in the present systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 26 studies with a high risk of bias and 24 studies that did not meet GRADE and AMSTAR-2. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X²=67.8%>50%. It was concluded that probiotics, together with intestinal microbiota, have been increasingly proposed to improve immune checkpoint blockade treatments against cancer by activating Treg cells. Oral administration of butyrate, propionate, and acetate, individually or in combination, led to an increase in the number of Treg cells in the colon. Also, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), a bioactive form of vitamin A, stimulates Treg cells in the human intestine.

Main clinical studies on the impact of nutrition on oral and endodontic health: a systematic review

Thu, 09 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: In the context of endodontics, oral and periodontal diseases are predictors of various problems, primarily tooth loss in adults. Inflammatory processes are caused by bacteria, genetic factors, lifestyle, and nutrition. Periodontitis can cause alterations and severe damage to oral health and well-being. Numerous clinical and experimental studies highlight a strong association between periodontitis and certain systemic diseases. Objective: It was to conduct a systematic review presenting key clinical studies on the impact of nutrition on oral and endodontic health. Methods: The PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews were followed. The search was conducted from February to May 2026 across the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, SciELO, and Google Scholar databases. Study quality was assessed using the GRADE instrument, and risk of bias was analysed according to the Cochrane tool. Results and Conclusion: A total of 135 articles were identified; 50 were evaluated in full, and 40 were included in this systematic review. Based on the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool, the overall assessment revealed 9 studies with a high risk of bias, while 5 studies failed to meet GRADE and AMSTAR-2 standards. Most studies lacked homogeneity in their results (X² = 75.2% > 50%). This review concluded that nutritional science is essential for oral and endodontic health. Nutrient deficiencies can affect oral health status. Nutritional science addresses nutritional needs and helps prevent diseases associated with a poor diet. A nutrient-deficient diet can accelerate the progression of oral cavity diseases by disrupting tissue homeostasis, reducing resistance to microbial biofilms, and impairing tissue healing, thereby compromising endodontic health and, consequently, systemic health.

Conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy in patients with obesity and overweight, rate, causes and contributing factors: a cross-sectional study

Alaa Abood Najim Al Wadees — Sat, 22 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold-standard treatment for symptomatic cholelithiasis. Obesity and overweight - conditions central to nutrology and frequently linked to disordered eating patterns and altered nutritional status - are common among these patients and may complicate the laparoscopic approach, occasionally necessitating conversion to open surgery to preserve patient safety. Objective: To estimate the rate of conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy, to identify the main causes of conversion, and to assess contributing factors - with particular attention to obesity and overweight - among Iraqi patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study, reported in accordance with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement, included 894 Iraqi patients of both genders with symptomatic cholecystitis undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy at two governmental teaching hospitals and two private hospitals in Al-Najaf, from March 2023 to March 2026. All eligible patients operated on during the study period were enrolled consecutively (total enumeration); this sample exceeded the calculated minimum of 416 patients and estimated the conversion rate with an absolute precision of ±1.0 percentage point at the 95% confidence level. Body mass index was classified per World Health Organization criteria. Unadjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated; P < 0.05 was significant. Results: Of 894 laparoscopic cholecystectomies, 22 required conversions (rate 2.46%; 95% CI 1.63–3.70%). Overweight (34.3%) and obese (23.3%) patients constituted the majority of the cohort. Causes of conversion were anatomical variation/anomalies (63.6%), difficult Calot's triangle (45.5%), dense adhesions (22.7%), uncontrollable bleeding (9.1%) and bile duct injury (4.5%). Obesity was significantly associated with conversion (OR = 3.78; 95% CI: 1.27–11.21). Additional associated factors were age > 50 years (OR = 4.39; 95% CI: 1.85–10.41), male gender (OR = 2.73; 95% CI: 1.16–6.40), previous abdominal surgery (OR = 3.04; 95% CI: 1.21–7.62), acute cholecystitis (OR = 3.38; 95% CI: 1.29–8.87) and gallbladder wall thickness > 3 mm (OR = 3.07; 95% CI: 1.26– 7.44). Conclusion: The conversion rate of 2.46% lies within the lower international range. Obesity and overweight are prevalent and clinically relevant in this surgical population, and obesity was significantly associated with conversion. These findings support the inclusion of nutritional assessment and weight-related risk stratification — including screening for disordered eating behaviors that contribute to excess adiposity — in the preoperative evaluation of candidates for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Because the analysis was bivariate and the number of conversion events was small, these associations should be regarded as hypothesis-generating and require confirmation in larger studies with multivariable adjustment.

Graphical Abstract

Evaluation of the relationship between pediatric patients with mosaic down syndrome and hypothyroidism and treatment with honey: a cross-sectional study

Qutaiba Hommadi Mahmood Al-Samarraie — Sat, 01 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Down syndrome is are three chromosome copies (trisomy) from chromosome 21 in the somatic cells of a person. People may have Mosaic Down syndrome, which is a combination of two types of cells, meaning that they are two cell lines of one fertilized cell (zygote). Some cells contain 46 chromosomes, indicating that they are normal cells, while other cells contain 47 chromosomes; cells with 47 chromosomes contain an extra chromosome 21. Objective: The relationship between Mosaic Down syndrome and thyroid gland shape and between Mosaic Down syndrome and thyroid gland hormones T3, T4 and TSH, and effect of honey on those with hypothyroidism. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 20 boys aged 10 years with mosaic Down syndrome and 6 controls. Karyotyping and thyroid hormone measurements were performed, and the effect of honey on thyroid hormone concentrations was evaluated. The study was approved by University of Baghdad Institutional Review Board, Baghdad, Iraq (reference No. 0854; 22 March 2025). Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians of all participating children, and age-appropriate assent was obtained from the children before sample collection and study procedures. Results: The highest percentage of thyroid hormones (57, 0.75, 0.35), (T3, T4, TSH) in the sample in which the lowest percentage of mosaicism was 8.16%, and the lowest percentage of thyroid hormones was recorded (9, 0.01, undetectable), (T3, T4, TSH) in the sample that had the highest percentage of mosaicism (32.25%). The rate of decrease in thyroid hormone levels increases further as the percentage of mosaicism increases, the percentage of sister chromatids exchanged in the group with mosaic Down syndrome was (62.46 ±6.12) compared to the percentage of exchanges in the control group (41.61 ± 4.84), honey was highly effective in raising thyroid hormone levels. Conclusion: All patients with Mosaic Down syndrome have hypothyroidism, and the rate of decline in thyroid hormones increases further as the percentage of mosaicism increases, the higher the degree of mosaicism, the greater the rate of sister chromatid exchange, there were significant differences; honey raised the level of thyroid hormones in patients.

Impact of the dietary modification on GM in metabolic syndrome and obesity: a narrative review

Mon, 03 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are emerging public health problems globally and risk factors for cardiovascular diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Objective: The purpose of this review was to investigate the relation between GM and dietary modification in obesity and the metabolic syndrome, and the role of dietary modification in obesity and metabolic syndrome prevention and treatment. Methods: A narrative review of published data was performed, using peer-reviewed studies that included "gut microbiota," "dietary pattern," "obesity" and/or "metabolic syndrome," "microbiota-targeted interventions. Appropriate findings were aggregated to analyse the interface amongst sustenance, gut microbial structure and metabolic well-being. Results: GM plays a key role in digestion, synthesis of short chain fatty acids, active role in immune system, vitamin synthesis, and energy homeostasis. Dysbiosis, defined by a decrease in the diversity of microorganisms and a change in the composition of the community, is linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome in various ways such as increase in energy harvest, metabolic endotoxemia, chronic inflammation, impairment of the barrier function, and insulin resistance. A pro-dysbiotic diet in the West has been shown to cause imbalances in the microbial community and dysmetabolism, while consumption of high fiber, plant-rich diets with prebiotics and some low carbohydrate diets have shown to be beneficial for the microbial population and dysmetabolism. New treatment strategies include probiotics, gut microbiome transfer, bariatric surgery and precision nutrition, which appear to be useful in the rebalancing of the microbiota. Conclusion: Modulating gut microbes with foodstuffs is a powerful, non-drug approach to enhancing metabolic and nutritional outcomes and could help decrease the burden of obesity and related comorbidities.

Development model of sports service management for elderly: a cross-sectional study

Wang Di, Supitr Samahito, Muhammad Shahid Khan — Mon, 13 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: China faces severe population aging, and institutional elderly sports service is critical for healthy aging. Objective: This study targets fourteen elderly institutions in Kunming to explore sports service management bottlenecks. Methods: Mixed-method design including seventy-eight semi-structured interviews and 580 valid questionnaires. Structural Equation Model (SEM) with Smart PLS 4.0 was adopted to test four-dimensional environmental factors (government, economy, society, technology). Results: Significant gaps exist between public, public-built-private and fully private institutions. Social environment (β=0.36) and government policy (β=0.30) are the top positive driving factors, while technology application is the primary weakness. Unbalanced fiscal allocation, insufficient cross-department collaboration and industry integration barriers restrict service quality. Conclusions: A "classified policy + four-dimensional synergy" development model is constructed. Differentiated governance, industrial integration and age-friendly intelligent transformation are proposed to optimize sports services for elderly institutions in southwest ethnic regions.

Phytochemical screening and pharmacological activities of various fractions derived from Ephedra foeminea Forssk aerial parts

Tue, 16 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Obesity is a major risk of chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases and type-2 diabetes mellitus. These diseases are the leading causes of death worldwide. Therefore, it is necessary to search for anti-obesity therapeutics. This study aimed to investigate, in vitro, the anti-obesity effect of Ephedra foeminea Forssk. for the first time. To achieve our aim, acetone, hexane, aqueous and methanol fractions were derived from E. foeminea. It appeared that the four fractions had strong inhibitory effect against the activity of α-amylase enzyme with IC50 value range 13-15 μg/mL. Methanol fraction possessed the strongest inhibitory effect on glucosidase (IC50 117.5 μg/mL) and lipase enzymes activities (IC50 24.5 μg/mL). Furthermore, methanol fraction possessed the strongest antioxidant activity (IC50 14.5 μg/mL) and had no cytotoxic effect. This indicates that methanol fraction is a potential and safe source of therapeutically active compounds with anti-obesity and anti-diabetic potency.

Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties of four different fractions derived from the bulbs of Urginea maritima L.

Reem Sbieh, Wafa Jalil, Nidal Jaradat, Saad Al - Lahham — Mon, 15 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Urginea maritima L. (U. maritima) has been utilized in traditional medicine, but in many cases, it is not based on scientific evidence due to limited studies, particularly in Palestine. Objective: This study aimed to assess the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic properties of four solvents fractions extracted from U. maritima bulbs collected from Palestine for the first time. Methods: The DPPH method was used to quantify antioxidant activity. Antimicrobial activity was tested employing the broth microdilution method. Anti-proliferative activity was evaluated utilizing colorimetric methods. Results: The DPPH free radical scavenging assay revealed that the U. maritima aqueous and methanol fractions demonstrated no antioxidant properties. In contrast, acetone and hexane fractions exhibited significant activity with IC₅₀ values of 24 and 10.33 μg/mL, respectively. Acetone and hexane fractions had a broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity (ranging from 0.8 to 6.3 mg/mL) compared to aqueous and methanol fractions. Aqueous fractions reduced cell viability by 50% within 24-48 h. Methanol and acetone fractions reduced cell viability by 40% after 4 and 24 h (p-value <0.0001), while prolonged exposure to methanol, acetone, and hexane fractions for 48 hresulted in a substantial decrease in cell viability by 70% to 90% (p-value <0.0001). Conclusion: Our findings have revealed that acetone and hexane fractions exhibited strong antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities compared to the aqueous and methanol fractions. These observations offer significant insights into the potential therapeutic applications of U. maritima in combatting oxidative stress, microbial infections, and perhaps cancer. Further in vivo investigations are necessary to validate these findings in the future.

Evaluating the link between static foot alignment and dynamic plantar loading in type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study

Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: In type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), elevated cumulative plantar loading contributes to ulcer risk, especially in patients with neuropathy. Static foot posture may influence plantar load distribution, but evidence remains limited. Objective: This study aimed to examine the association between FPI-6 and PTI during walking in adults with T2DM attending outpatient services at RSUD Dr. Soetomo, Surabaya. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in May–July 2025 at RSUD Dr. Soetomo, enrolling 33 adults with T2DM (no dropouts). Foot posture was assessed using the FPI-6, and plantar pressure-time integral (PTI) was recorded with an in-shoe pressure system (Pedar-X) during walking; participants completed 20 steps while cadence was maintained with a metronome. Normality testing used the Shapiro–Wilk test; correlation used Pearson when assumptions were met. Results: Most participants had neutral foot posture (right 82.4%; left 70.6%). The mean PTI was highest in the forefoot, followed by the hindfoot. Correlation between total FPI and PTI was not significant for hindfoot or forefoot (all p > 0.05). Conclusion: Static foot posture (FPI-6) was not associated with dynamic cumulative plantar loading (PTI) in this T2DM cohort. These findings support the use of a combined risk assessment strategy (neuropathy, deformity, joint motion, and dynamic plantar pressure) rather than relying on static posture alone.

Early detection of hearing impairment in neonates with dual/multiple toxoplasma, rubella, cytomegalovirus infections: a cross-sectional study

Risa Etika, Gadis Meinar Sari, Nyilo Purnami, Lin Fatimah — Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: Hearing impairment is often associated with pregnancy infections such as Toxoplasma, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (TORCH). Objective: To determine the prevalence of hearing impairment using Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) and to analyze the associated risk factors in neonates with dual/multiple TORCH infections. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from September to November 2019. Infants admitted to the intermediate room during the study period were included in the study and underwent OAE testing to evaluate for hearing impairment. Infants with OAE refer tested with TORC examination. Prevalence of hearing impairment with dual/multiple TORC infections was calculated, and the Odds Ratio for specific risk factors was measured using Fisher’s exact test. Results: Over the period, 50 babies were screened. Forty-three babies (86%) presented with normal hearing on OAE testing. Seven babies (14%) responded to OAE referral. Out of 7 infants, one infant classified as OAE refer had early discharge, and the six of them underwent TORC examination. Of the 6 infants, 5 had dual or multiple TORCH infections. By univariate analysis, the highest risk factor for hearing impairment and dual/multiple TORC infection was the premature rupture of membranes, OR 41; 95% CI 3,65–46,03. Correlation between dual/multiple TORC infection and hearing impairment was statistically significant, p = 0.001, R = 0.826. Conclusion: The incidence of hearing impairment among neonates in our study is almost similar to that in the previous study. Eighty percent of them had dual/multiple TORC infections. The premature rupture of the membrane is the commonly associated risk factor in this study.

Major clinical considerations of nutrients and supplements in the treatment of periodontitis for dental implant success: a scoping review

Tue, 09 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: With Brånemark's concept of osseointegration in 1960, dental implants have seen significant advancements, particularly in the structural and functional connection between bone and the implant surface. One of the main predictors influencing osseointegration is bone quality fostered by nutrients and the absence of periodontitis. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the clinical considerations of nutrients and supplements in the treatment of periodontitis for dental implant success. Methods: The systematic review rules of the PRISMA Platform were followed. The search was conducted from March to April 2026 in the Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, PubMed, Science Direct, SciELO, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument, and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: According to the GRADE instrument, most studies presented homogeneity in their results, with X²=83.5%>50%. A total of 101 articles were found and submitted for eligibility analysis, with 13 final studies selected to compose the results of this systematic review. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 12 studies with a high risk of bias and 22 studies that did not meet GRADE and AMSTAR-2. It was concluded that probiotic and prebiotic nutraceuticals, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and vitamins A, B, C, D, and E are the most commonly used in dentistry. Evidence suggests a positive relationship between adequate vitamin D levels and early osseointegration of dental implants. Regarding marginal bone changes and peri-implant soft tissue outcomes, the findings were consistent but statistically heterogeneous, with several studies indicating greater bone loss, thinner gingival phenotypes, or a more pro-inflammatory peri-implant environment in the presence of vitamin D deficiency.

Synergistic effects of spray with selenium and succinic acid and adding seaweed extract in lemon transplants growth and leaves mineral content

Omar Hamed Abd , Mustafa E. A. Al-Hadethi — Sat, 15 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

This experiment was conducted in wooden shade belonging to Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Univ. Baghdad in Abu Ghraib, during 2025 growing season, using local lemon transplants. 162 uniform transplants were brought in for experiment. Factors of study experiment included a spraying with selenium at three concentrations; without spray (S₀), spraying at 5 mg.L^-1 (S₅) and spraying at 10 mg.L^-1 (S₁₀), As for succinic acid spray, they were sprayed in three levels, without spray (A₀), spraying at 100 mg.L-¹ (A₁₀₀) and spraying at 200 mg.L^-1 (A₂₀₀) and addition of two levels of seaweed extract to soil, without addition (F₀), and 20 ml. transplant^-1 (F₂₀). A factorial experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and three transplants per experimental unit. Experimental results showed that selenium spray at 10 ml.L^-1(S₁₀) significantly increased in plant height of 8.52 cm, highest leaf area of 27.23 cm², leaves nitrogen content of 2.09 %, phosphor content of 0.348 % and leaves potassium content of 1.82 %. Results also showed that succinic acid spray especially at 200 mg.L^-1 (A₂₀₀), showed significant superiority in increased in plant height of 8.75 cm, leaf area of 29.06 cm², leaves nitrogen content of 2.01%, phosphor of 0.345 % and leaves potassium content of 1.82 %. Seaweed extract adding also affected, especially adding 20 ml.transplant^-1 (F₂₀) and gave highest increasing of plant height of 8.95 cm, highest leaf area of 27.84 cm², leaves nitrogen content of 2.06%, phosphor of 0.348 % and leaves potassium content of 1.74 %. Twice and triple interactions between study factors significantly affected in all studied traits.

Measuring the use of urban waste and its economic impact on agricultural land productivity: an applied study on eggplant production

Mrwan Z. RIJIB RIJIB, Dumooa S. Khudhair, Salwa H. K. Al Shamary — Fri, 14 Aug 2026 00:00:00 +0000

The problem of urban waste and how to dispose of it safely without affecting human health and the environment is one of the most important problems that Iraqi cities suffer from, especially the capital, Baghdad, due to population growth and high population density. Furthermore, proper disposal methods are not followed, despite the existence of four unused waste recycling plants. Instead, waste is burned or buried, which negatively impacts the health of residents in nearby areas, especially in the informal settlements that have recently proliferated, most of which are inhabited by the poor. In addition, we have high costs for vegetable production, and the most important cost component is chemical fertilizer, the repeated use of which in the soil leads to an increase in the percentage of some undesirable elements and a deterioration of soil properties. Therefore, the experiment was conducted in cooperation with the waste recycling plant in Al-Yusufiyah (20 km southwest of Baghdad). The organic material (compost) was prepared using poultry and buffalo waste, and the sludge (sewage waste) was obtained from the Al-Rustamiyah area (15 km southeast of Baghdad). The experiment was carried out on agricultural land in the Abu Ghraib area (33 km from Baghdad), where an area of (2) dunams was equipped with greenhouses using a completely randomized block design for eggplant cultivation.