Major relationships among nutrology, gut microbiota and lifestyle change in healthy longevity: a systematic review

Abstract

Introduction: In the healthy longevity scenario, individuals over 65 and over 80 years old will be the fastest growing segment of the population. This is associated with the intensification of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, sarcopenia, and degenerative diseases (non-communicable diseases). Genetic, epigenetic, and lifestyle factors can determine the longevity of humans. Certain healthy foods are associated with longer telomere lengths. Objective: To describe, through a systematic literature review, the main relationships between nutrology, gut microbiota, and lifestyle changes in healthy longevity. Methods: The systematic review rules of the PRISMA Platform were followed. The search was carried out from May to July 2024 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: 139 articles were found. A total of 51 articles were fully assessed and 22 were included in this systematic review. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 20 studies with a high risk of bias and 32 studies that did not meet GRADE and AMSTAR-2. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X² =77.5%>50%. It was concluded that nutrients that can modulate epigenetic pathways, positively influence the outcomes associated with healthy longevity. Studies have shown that the gut microbiota in longlived individuals has a high capacity for lipid metabolism, amino acid degradation, and potential signs of a chronic inflammatory state. Probiotics and prebiotics may be effective alternatives, considering the relationship between the microbiome and healthy aging. Furthermore, resveratrol can modulate epigenetic pathways and may affect outcomes associated with aging, exerting favorable metabolic changes, such as reductions in inflammatory markers or low-density lipoprotein. Nutrients and natural substances of human physiology and biochemistry such as melatonin, coenzyme Q10, and selenium control the functions of the immune and metabolic systems. Many metabolic or chronic diseases have been implicated in poor diet and lifestyle. Improving the quality of diet is associated with reduced mortality from all causes, whereas multivitamin and multimineral supplements can improve life expectancy